Celebrities’ Rights to Privacy - 674 Words

The first rationale is that most public people seek and consent to publicity. But, consent in a general sense does not justify invasions into every aspect of an individual’s life. Unfortunately, the personalities and affairs of celebrities are viewed as inherently public. Paparazzi argue that the nature of celebrities’ jobs is construed as waiving their rights to privacy. However, this waiver should be regarded as a limited waiver, restricting the press to examine and exposing only that information that has some bearing on the individual’s position in society. The constant exposure that celebrities receive tends to make celebrities more physiologically tolerant of the press behavior than they might otherwise be. The press has a right to inform the public of matters of public interest. As the celebrities cultivate their positions in the public spotlight, they generate continued interest in their activities. The more information the public gathers, the public feels as if they â€Å"know† the individual and are privy to their private lives. Maintaining celebrity status often demands satisfaction of public curiosity (Nordhaus 289-291). The standards are rather high for a celebrity to claim an invasion of privacy. â€Å"Some states require that the benefit the perpetrator receives from the invasion must be commercial in nature. Others require that the individual be identifiable as the subject.† The mere taking of a photograph without consent by itself will not constitute asShow MoreRelatedShould Celebrities Have Their Right to Privacy?1557 Words   |  7 PagesShould celebrities have their right to privacy? Before newspapers, television, and the internet, ordinary people were not exposed to endless stories about celebrities. Today however, we are bombarded with information about who is dating whom, where they eat, and what they wear from magazines such as People, Entertainment Weekly, and Star. Also, most ordinary people respect t he rights of others to a private life. However, some people are just obsessed to get information out of celebrities. They wantRead MoreCelebrities Should Have More Privacy Rights1037 Words   |  5 PagesSpeech Outline Topic: Celebrities Should Have More Privacy Rights General Purpose: To Persuade Specific Purpose: To persuade to my audience that celebrities should have more privacy rights. Thesis: Celebrities are human beings, and deserve the right to live their personal life privately like any other average human being. Introduction A.) Attention Getter: Let s be honest; Most of us can be a little addicted to social media, gossip and juicy details about what celebrities do in their daily livesRead MoreCelebrities and Privacy1609 Words   |  7 Pagesconsists of politicians, athletes, celebrities and other individuals who are famous. For our presentation we will be concentrating on celebrities and whether they should expect their privacy to be respected by the media. Media comes in various forms, with the more common ones being newspapers, tabloids, radio, paparazzi, internet, social media and many more. A conflict of rights? Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights stated that every person has the â€Å"right to respect for his private andRead MoreEssay about Paparazzi: How Far is Too Far?1607 Words   |  7 Pageswho pursues celebrities to get photographs of them.† (Definition of paparazzo, 2011) The name originated from the last name of a photographer in the 1960 film La Dolce Vita. (Green) Yet the meaning from the word paparazzo denotes a stronger meaning than just a freelance photographer. The paparazzi are notorious for their persistent and annoying personalities who will go through any measure to get the shot that they wish for. The main targets of the paparazzi are the celebrities who enchantRead MorePublic Figures And Their Privacy1582 Words   |  7 Pagesfigures and their Privacy. Everyone dreams of earning fame and fortune. People who are popular by virtue of their professions, whether it is acting, sports or politics, try their best to earn the admiration and respect of the public. This is because a huge fan base following can always use their advantage irrespective of whether you are an actor or a politician. However, this fame and fan following comes at a price: the loss of their privacy. Shakelford defined privacy as, â€Å"Privacy is a vast conceptRead MoreThe Invasion Of Privacy And Privacy1399 Words   |  6 PagesCelebrities; They Have A Right To Their Privacy Too   Ã‚  Ã‚   Invasion of privacy occurs way too often in society. How would you feel if you had your personal photos hacked, and then reposted onto the internet, what if they were your nude photos? What about your medical records, would you like to have your records stolen and then announced for the whole world to know? Many groups have their privacies hacked, stolen, abused, or even shared through other means of social media.   Look at one particular groupRead MorePublic Figures and Private Lives838 Words   |  4 PagesEveryone wants to be a celebrity. They want to be a famous actor, singer, etc. However, the real idea people need to be thinking about is, are you willing to give up your privacy and freedom? Once one becomes known to the public so does their entire life, whether one likes it or not. Take a look at Britney Spears; there is nothing about her life that is not public. Should this be a bad thing? Or should these public figure have their privacy? I think not. These cel ebrities came into the public eyeRead MoreMedical Records and Privacy of the Famous1140 Words   |  5 PagesMedical Records and Privacy of the Famous Privacy seems to be something that many people desire, but is becoming less and less available. With all the new technology, it is easier than ever to invade someone’s privacy. With cameras everywhere, from ATM’s to people’s cell phones, it is difficult for anyone to do anything that can be kept to one ’s self. While privacy is a right that the average person doesn’t normally struggle with, it is a problem that celebrities encounter everyday. PaparazziRead MoreBuzzing Insects: American Paparazzi1594 Words   |  7 PagesThe American paparazzi have been described by celebrities and the news media as scum-of-the-Earth—mean, intrusive scavengers who feast upon other people’s misery (Saltzman par. 4). Imagine taking a walk with your children in a secluded hiking trail. You are trying to enjoy the peace and serenity that the beautiful day brings, but, as fate has it, you are a celebrity. Along with your fame come fans constantly askin g for your autograph, people gazing and staring at you, and ultimately causing a sceneRead MoreEssay about The Life of Celebrities676 Words   |  3 Pagesand disadvantages to a celebrity life. Some of the advantages that I will evince later on in the essay are: money, popularity, good press in magazines; however, some of the disadvantages that I, too, will evince later on are: privacy intrusions, harassment and childrens’ privacy (children of the celebrities). This essay will also discuss the impact this has on us and will debate the luscious lives of celebrities – or, some may argue, the cruel, callous life of a celebrity. There are many advantages

Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) - 1080 Words

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a term used to describe a category of conditions also referred to as pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD). Some of the PDD include: Autism or Autistic Disorder, Rett’s Disorder, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Asperger’s Disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder---Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) which includes Atypical Autism (Yapko, 2003). These disorders affect three primary areas of development. First is communication, which is verbal and nonverbal. Second there is social interaction. Lastly, there is repetitive patterns of behavior. Children with Asperger’s may not always get along with other children around them. They tend to asphyxiate themselves with one hobby, and learn everything there is to know about it. All of the disorders mentioned can be grouped together under a single heading: Pervasive Developmental Disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Autism or Autistic Di sorder typically refers to the traditional or classical forms of what psychiatrist Kanner (n.d.) identified in 1943 and labeled as â€Å"early infantile autism.† According to the DSM-IV, a person must have six of the possible 12 diagnostic criteria in order to be given the diagnosis of Autism. At least two must fall under the diagnostics of a social impairments, at least one diagnostic of a communication impairment and behavior/ interests and activities. Most individuals with Autism have Mental Retardation (Yapko,Show MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1722 Words   |  7 Pagesin every sixty-eight births are diagnosed with the Autism spectrum disorder in other words (ASD), which is about one percent of the world’s population. And that more than three point five million people in America live with a person who has the Autism spectrum disorder. We all know that Autism is a spectrum disorder in which an abnormality is developed in the brain. It is a long life c ondition that has no cure for itself. People who have Autism face many difficulties in their communication and theirRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1441 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a hereditary neurodevelopmental disorder. Like many other psychological disorders, it is commonly misunderstood in popular culture. Many allude to it casually, often equating it with crippling social awkwardness and disability when it is in fact a spectrum disorder with many degrees of severity. It is somewhat of an enigma within the scientific community as well; there are many things we do not know about ASD and there is ongoing research to learn moreRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1535 Words   |  7 PagesHow Autism Influences the Interactions with Others There is a little boy that gets up every morning and goes to school. He goes home to his parents after school each day. He eats, sleeps, and plays just like any other child. There is one difference. He sees the world in a unique way than most other children not affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder. The boy’s life and actions are a bit different and can be challenging for him. He needs understanding parents, family members, and teachers. Autism SpectrumRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1444 Words   |  6 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder Dustin S. Staats University of Central Oklahoma â€Å"Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) formerly known as just Autism, is a disorder that affects about 1 in 68 children here in the United States.† (Facts about ASD) This is a pretty high prevalence and the number is continuing to rise. â€Å"Autism is a developmental disability that can cause significant impairments in behavioral, communication, and social aspects of everyday life.†(Facts about ASD). The intellectual functioning ofRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1569 Words   |  7 Pagesdiagnoses for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) occur has seen a dramatic growth in numbers. With diagnoses for ASD increasing, more siblings are also being found to have grown up with a sister or brother with autism spectrum disorder. Previous studies have shown no consensus on whether or not siblings of persons with ASD are at risk for negative effects. However, patterns of anxiety among these siblings are being examined to see if characteristics of a child with autism spectrum disorder and their parentsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1369 Words   |  6 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Introduction I don t think people understand how unique children with Autism are or the demands of caring for a child with Autism is. In order to grasp the effect of this disability has on a child or their family it is important to understand the characteristics of a child living with Autism. So for you to understand I will be talking about Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or Autism in a childs life. I will be talking about what autism is, the history and descriptionRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1587 Words   |  7 Pages Topic: Autism Spectrum Disorder  (ASD) Purpose: My audience will learn the importance of recognizing early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder in children. Thesis: It is important to understand the early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder, and why early intervention is the best treatment. Introduction: Gain/maintain attention There is a television show I like to watch called â€Å"The Big Bang Theory, maybe some of you have seen it. This show focuses on the relationships between a group of friends, someRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder, as defined by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders, refers to a group of complex neurodevelopment disorders characterized by repetitive and characteristic patterns of behavior and difficulties with social communication and interaction (ninds.nih.gov). Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a very complex developmental disorder and the term ‘spectrum’ was added to the original term simply known as ‘Autism’ due to the wide range of symptoms associated with the disorderRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1852 Words   |  8 PagesThe following paper is going to cover the topic of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Using research and data collected from various authors and journalists the paper will describe the different variations of autism and discuss the impact autism has on a person- in society, at home, in the classroom, and in their careers. Beginning at infancy, autism has a major impact on not just the child but their family’s life as well. The child’s lack of ability to interpret social cues, gestures, and expressionsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay1240 Words   |  5 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a range of conditions grouped under the neurodevelopmental disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) published in 2013 (Kress Paylo, 2015). Those who are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder must present two types of symptoms: 1) Deficits in social communication and social interaction and 2) Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities (APA, 2013). The DSM-5 merged all autism

Foundations of physiotherapy practice Free Essays

string(139) " strength may be directly linked with the fact there is a decrease in activity of the lower limbs in patients with COPD \(Thomas, 2006, p\." Introduction The aim of the essay was to explore COPD in both theory and practice in correlation with the three main body systems. The body systems investigated in detail where the respiratory, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and the neurological systems. Each system was researched for the effects it has on exercise intolerance, quality of life and the limitations that develop for a patient as a result of COPD. We will write a custom essay sample on Foundations of physiotherapy practice or any similar topic only for you Order Now The role of pulmonary rehabilitation is inspected throughout the essay and its significance in the management of patients with COPD is expressed immensely within the context of the essay. There is an evidence based background to the exercise program used for the leaflet; it underpins the importance of using both endurance and strength training in order to improve some of the symptoms of COPD. The use of breathing exercises and techniques is also incorporated as it is a substantial part of the rehabilitation program. The role of the physiotherapist is fully established in the essay. The physiotherapist is recognised for his/her role in each aspect in the management of the condition. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease defined by airflow limitation that cannot be fully reversed. COPD is a combination of emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is defined by excessive mucus secretions and a productive cough for a sustained period of time (more than two years). Emphysema is defined by destruction of the alveoli and smallest airways and secondary effects on lung elasticity, and other airways (Gupta and Brooks, 2006, p.180).The airflow obstruction is generally progressive in nature correlated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to gases. Despite the fact COPD affects the lungs; it also contributes to a substantial systemic reaction (Celli et al., 2004).although evidence shows that no change in lung function (FEV1) occurs, no matter how radical the treatment for the patient may be. Even tough loss of lung function is not regained; affective pulmonary rehabilitation helps slow the rate of decline (Bellamy and Brooker, 2004, p.12). COPD is important common respiratory disorders in primary care. Diagnosis of COPD is often delayed until patients present with severe symptoms. There are a high percentage of individuals that are undiagnosed in the population. Aside from patients being advised to stop smoking, it is important that pulmonary rehabilitation is part of the management of this condition and physiotherapist understand how to prescribe appropriate exercise training for patients with COPD (Gupta and Brooks, 2006, p.180).Patients with COPD are in the largest percentage of individuals referred for pulmonary rehabilitation. There is an increase in the evidence-based support for pulmonary rehabilitation in the management of patients with COPD (Nici et al., 2006). It addresses the numerous needs of the patient. It has many components which are highly effective in caring for the patient. Pulmonary rehabilitation incorporates the following: smoking cessation, education, exercise training, psychology i nterventions, physiotherapy, and nutrition. Exercise training is a vital component of pulmonary rehabilitation and is aimed at improving some of the restricting problems associated with the disease, such as dyspnoea and exercise tolerance despite the irreversible deformities in lung function (Tiep, 1997, p.1652). Management is essential in helping the patient have a better quality of life, as patients with COPD sink into an inactive and dependent state causing them to be at high risk of depression and anxiety. (Maurer et al., 2008). Depression and anxiety are addressed in the psychosocial component of the rehabilitation program (Nici, et al., 2006, p.1399). During the progression of COPD, all body systems in some way become affected (Tiep, 1997, p.1631).patients with COPD tend to stop or reduce their level of physical activity as exertion leads to the patient having unpleasant sensations. A vicious cycle can occur, with reductions in physical activities causing severe deconditioning, and more limitations in each system affected by the condition (Thomas, 2006, p. 62).The changes in each of these systems are coexisting factors that contribute to the exercise intolerance in patients with the disease. The respiratory system is affected greatly by COPD; it contributes to exercise intolerance in a number a ways. Ventilatory limitations occur for many reasons. An increase in both airway resistance and expiratory flow limitations causes a severe increase in the work of breathing. The elastic walls of the alveoli provide a certain amount of driving force behind the active process of exhalation (Rochester, 2003, p.61). Airflow obstruction leads t o impaired lung emptying and a higher end expiratory lung volume due to the loss in elasticity of the alveolar walls. This worsens during exercise leading to dynamic hyperinflation. Hyperinflation restricts the tidal volume response to excretion, flattens the diaphragm and the accessory muscles are then used to aid respiration, and the muscle length-tension relationship of the respiratory muscles is altered forcing the muscles into a shortened position which puts them at a mechanical disadvantage. The degree of hyperinflation a patient is subject to is an important indicator of their exercise tolerance and dyspnea during exercise (Bellamy and Booker, 2004, p 23). Ventilatory limitations to exercise causes interruption in gas exchange that emerges from the increase dead space to tidal volume ratio, ventilation-perfusion mismatch, and the reduction in diffusing capacity caused by the loss of alveolar/capillary connections. The increased dead space to tidal volume ratio in turn cause s an increased ventilatory demand, for the same degree of bodily exertion (Rochester, 2003, p. 61). Other factors also further increase ventilatory demand these include, lactic acidosis and hypoxemia which directly or indirectly limit exercise tolerance (Nici et al., 2006, p. 1391). The musculoskeletal system is affected also, there is evidence showing that muscle dysfunction contributes to exercise intolerance in COPD. The reduction in physical activities leads to damage in skeletal muscle function which in turn causes more symptoms at a less intensive level of work. Inactivity produces many structural and biomechanical changes in the skeletal muscle. Muscle strength is decreased in patients with COPD; peripheral muscle strength is to a much greater extent affected than upper limb muscles strength. The reduction in peripheral muscle strength may be directly linked with the fact there is a decrease in activity of the lower limbs in patients with COPD (Thomas, 2006, p. You read "Foundations of physiotherapy practice" in category "Essay examples" 63). There is also a reduction in endurance in both lower and upper limb muscles. Loss of lower limb muscle strength is equivalent to the reduction in muscle mass. With prolonged inactivity type 11a fibres (slow twitch f ibres) convert to type 11b (fast twitch fibres), Reduction in fibre type and decrease in cross-sectional of type 1 and 11a fibres is linked to muscle atrophy. Reduction in oxidative capacity and muscle atrophy is standard in patients with COPD. Deconditioning is an important factor in skeletal muscle dysfunction (Mador and Bozkanat, 2001). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has an extensive impact on the cardiovascular system. The increased right ventricular afterload which is caused by the increased pulmonary vascular resistance resulting from the structural abnormalities in pulmonary circulation, and the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction all contribute to the effects of COPD on the cardiovascular system. All of these processes lead to structural changes in the heart which include right ventricular dilatation and hypertrophy, to help conserve right ventricular output (Vonk-Noordegraaf, et al., 2005, p. 1901). The impaired ventricular filling is caused by hyperinflation and or other mechanical impairments. Cardiac output is relatively maintained in patients with COPD compared to normal individuals both at rest and during physical activities. Studies have proven that exercise training has no measurable impact on the changes in the cardiovascular system as the result of COPD. Like the irreversible effects COPD has on lung function, exercise training can slow it down but it can never be reversed back to normal no matter how extensive the treatment (Sietsema, 2001, p. 656-657). The neurological system is affected as a result of COPD. Neuropsychiatric disorders are common in patients with COPD, particularly depression and anxiety. The prevalence of depression is higher than anxiety it is over 20% higher than anxiety. They often go untreated in patients with COPD; the lack of adequate treatment leads to patients having a poor quality of life and is associated with premature death in COPD patients. The overall impact of depression and anxiety on COPD patients, their families, and society is important. Studies show that depression has been found to cause fatigue, dyspnoea, and disability (Maurer, et al., 2008, p. 43). Depression increases with hypoxemia, carbon dioxide levels, and dyspnea. Hypoxia in patients with COPD may be a major factor in the development of depression and anxiety due to lack of sufficient oxygen to the brain. However reduced physical capacity and negative self image may also be a causing factor in the development of the disease (Armstrong, 2010, p. 132). Pulmonary rehabilitation is the main intervention used to try and improve the systematic effects of COPD; its main concern is to control the symptoms and disease by including essential components such as the multidisciplinary team for support and guidance and the exercise training program for improvements in the patient’s physical limitations (Burton, et al., 1997, p. 879). The exercise training program of pulmonary rehabilitation must address the individual patient’s limitation to physical activity; these limitations may include ventilation limitations, gas exchange irregularities, and skeletal or respiratory muscle dysfunction. Exercise training aims to improve motivation for exercise, neuropsychiatric well being, decrease symptoms and improve quality of life. Moreover, the substantial improvement in oxidative capacity and efficiency of skeletal muscles has caused a decrease in alveolar ventilation for same degree of exertion. This can reduce dynamic hyperventilation, thus decreasing exertional dyspnoea (Aliverti and Macklem, 2001, p. 229). Pulmonary rehabilitation normally focuses on lower limb training, as loss of peripheral muscle strength in patients is high as loss of quadriceps muscle is reduced by up to 20-30% with patients in the moderate to severe phase of COPD. This is why exercise training is used to improve muscle strength. The dist ribution of muscle strength in patients with COPD is not equal between the lower and upper limb, there is evidence to prove the better preservation of the upper limb muscle strength (Thomas, 2006, p. 63). However upper limb exercises should be incorporated into the training program. Upper limb training results in an improvement in a patient’s ability to perform daily activities involving the upper body. Upper limb exercises also reduce dyspnoea and ventilatory requirements for arm elevation. Evidence based guidelines recommend the use of upper limb exercise as part of the exercise program as it is safe and requires little equipment (Rochester, 2003, p. 70) There are two types of exercise training used in the rehabilitation program aerobic endurance and strength training. Aerobic endurance exercise training is the main component of pulmonary rehabilitation. Evidence from a number of randomized controlled trails supports the use of lower extremity exercise training, it has been found to significantly improve exercise tolerance, timed walking distance, sub maximal endurance time, and health related quality of life. Exercise training includes ground walking training, treadmill walking, cycle ergometery, and inspiratory muscle training (Gupta and Brooks, (2006), p. 182). Cycle ergometery training supervised by the physiotherapist to make sure the patient is performing the exercise at the right intensity, has been proven to improve exercise capacity in patients with COPD. Studies have shown that the combination of both inspiratory muscle training and cycle ergometery training has greater benefits for patients than just cycle ergometery alone. The addition of inspiratory muscle training enhances both inspiratory muscle endurance and strength, improves exerc ise capacity significantly more than just cycle ergometery training on its own (Wanke, et al., 1994, p. 2205-2211). Walking is an exercise prescribed to patients for endurance training, as it is a regular exercise that patients find easy and a large percentage of patients continue walking at home or after the rehabilitation programme. Patients are encouraged to walk to the point of breathlessness; this technique improves exercise tolerance in patients as they push themselves to get physically fit. The Physiotherapist gives support to patients, by reassuring them that breathlessness during walking doesn’t cause any damage to the lungs or heart it is beneficial in improving their quality of life (Bellamy and Booker, 2006, p. 115). Strength training is used in pulmonary rehabilitation for both the upper and lower body. In many studies patients rated their dyspnoea and fatigue the lowest after strength training. The strengthening exercises may include knee flexion and extension w hich works the quadriceps and hamstring muscles, also chest press which involves both pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi. Weights are used during each exercise and are altered increase or decrease the intensity. Strength training increases strength in all muscles that undergo the training this is due to muscle hypertrophy and improvements in neural recruitment patterns. Strength training has been proven by many studies to improve exercise performance and quality of life (Mador, et al., 2004, p. 2039-2041). Studies have supported evidence that endurance training has little effect on muscle weakness and muscle atrophy, two problems in patients with COPD and contributes to their exercise intolerance and poor quality of life. As a result most pulmonary rehabilitation programs combine strength and endurance training together as it is more beneficial to the patients. Studies have proven that the addition of strength training to endurance training produced a greater improvement in muscle mass and strength than endurance training alone (Ortega, et al., 2002, p. 670). Another study investigated the combination of both strength and endurance combined and found it was effective in reducing depression and anxiety. Moreover, there is evidence to confirm the beneficial effects of the three methods of exercise training (strength, endurance, and or combined) on the quality of life and level of dyspnoea in patients with COPD (Mador, et al., 2004, p. 2043). There is a debate as to whether high or low intensity training in endurance and strength exercises should be used and to what beneficial effects either intensity will sustain in improving the symptoms of COPD. Low intensity training does result in improvements in symptoms, activities of daily living and health related quality of life, there is evidence to support the use of high intensity training producing greater physiologic training effects (Maltais, et al., 1997, p. 555-561). Training intensity that exceeds 60% of the peak exercise capacity is enough to cause some physiologic effects, even though higher percentages have been tolerated and are more beneficial. The effects of cycle ergometery training at high intensity work load were compared to low intensity work load in 19 patients with moderate to severe COPD. The group following the cycle ergometery at the high intensity work rate had a greater reduction in lactate production and ventilation requirements, although the low inte nsity group had a similar result but not as much significant gains in aerobic fitness (Rochester, 2003, p. 67-68). Therefore using high or low intensity training has beneficial effects, high intensity exercise training is more advantageous producing physiologic changes in patients that are capable to reach that level, low intensity exercise training is more tailored to the health benefits of the general population and for patients who are in a more fragile state (Calverley, et al., 2003, p. 468-470). Aside from endurance and strength training the pulmonary rehabilitation program has breathing exercises and techniques that are incorporated into the program. The role of the physiotherapist in the management of COPD is established especially in breathing exercises and techniques. Physiotherapists play a crucial role in the exercise, assessment and education aspects of the pulmonary rehabilitation program they are a valuable part of the multidisciplinary team. They are there to provide specialist advice and support for the patient, especially during an exacerbation, when patients have trouble clearing their chest secretions, and to help control any anxiety or panic attacks they may lead to hyperventilation. When physiotherapist helps patients clear chest secretions it often involves teaching the patient about the active cycle of breathing technique (ACBT) using forced expiration to enhance chest clearance. Physiotherapists also use techniques to reduce the work of breathing, which involves the use of breathing retraining or relaxed breathing control. Diaphragmatic breathing and pursed lip breathing are two examples of breathing retraining; these are of benefit to manage panic attacks and breathlessness. Physiotherapists also teach a patient varies positioning techniques to help with dyspnoea. They have a major role in pulmonary rehabilitation programmes, along with respiratory management they provide advice and support for patients with mobility problems (Barnett, (2006), p. 174). Physiotherapists are involved in educating and supporting patients in breathing retraining. The main goals of using diaphragmatic breathing and pursed lip breathing are to relieve breathlessness and encourage relaxation (Mikelsons, 2008, p. 3). Pursed lip breathing is a technique used where exhalation is accomplished through resistance created by narrowing (pursing) of the lips; it is often naturally taken up by COPD patients. Studies have shown that pursed lip breathing can have a positive effect on dyspnoea when performed by patients during exercise. Patients who experience reduction in dyspnoea due to pursed lip breathing also had reductions in end expiratory lung volume and increase supply in inspiratory muscle pressure-generating capacity. During breathing at rest and exercise pursed lip breathing contributed to a slower deeper breathing pattern in patients, and is a useful technique to apply when an onset of breathlessness comes upon a patient (Spahija, et al., 2005, p. 640-648 ). Diaphragmatic breathing is used as another technique to help with dyspnoea and dynamic hyperinflation. In diaphragmatic breathing physiotherapists teach patients to synchronize inspiration with abdominal expansion as they breathe slowly and deeply. On the exhalation the diaphragm is pushed up by the abdominal muscles which create a better length tension relationship and a better curved posture. This technique increases the capable force of the diaphragm as an inspiratory muscle. Diaphragmatic breathing has a significant increase in tidal volume and a major reduction in respiratory frequency which caused an increase in minute ventilation. In hypercapnic patients with COPD, diaphragmatic breathing helps with hyperinflation in these patients. However studies have shown that severely hyperinflatedpatients are incapable of performing this breathing technique (Gigliotti, et al., 2003, p. 198). Secretion clearance is an important technique used for acute exacerbation management. Acute e xacerbations are common in patients with COPD; they are associated with a poor quality of life and are a burden to both family and caregivers. Symptoms include dyspnea, purulent sputum, and an increase in sputum volume. Patient’s awareness of the symptoms of exacerbations and early intervention reduces the risk of hospitalization and leads to a better quality. Physiotherapists are important in providing such interventions to help patients with sputum clearance. Physiotherapeutic techniques used to help with sputum clearance include active cycle of breathing techniques (ACBT), percussions, vibrations, and shaking. ACBT consists of breathing control, lower thoracic expansion exercises and forced expiratory technique. ACBT aids bronchial clearance by improving mucociliary clearance while also decreasing adverse effects such as hypoxia and increased airflow obstruction. Compared to percussion, vibrations, and shaking ACBT has been proven to be the most effective technique in ches t clearance with over 80% of physiotherapists the UK using it always or often when treating patients with COPD. Studies have shown that ACBT helps improve oxygenation, assists in sputum clearance, reduces anxiety, and enhances health related quality of life (Yohannes and Connolly, 2007, p 110-113). Many patients with COPD adopt a forward leaning position to help with the feeling of breathlessness, this is a useful technique which physiotherapist teach patients to self manage dyspnoea, during the stable phase of COPD and when they get an acute exacerbation. There is evidence to reinforce the use of the forward leaning position to improve breathlessness and decrease work of breathing. This position promotes diaphragmatic function by allowing the shortened diaphragm to be lengthened by the movement of the abdominal content away from the diaphragm thus enhancing the length tension relationship. This position can be altered to suit individual, it can be used in everyday life such as standing leaning against a wall, window sill or shopping trolley. These functional positions enable patients to get out and improve both their breathlessness and quality of life (Mikelsons, 2008, p. 3). Studies support the use of breathing retraining, chest physiotherapy and exercise training as it contr ibutes to improvements in dyspnoea, functional exercise capacity, and quality of life in COPD patients (Guell, et al., 2000, p. 978). In conclusion, the importance of COPD as a disease is relatively high as it has been stated to be in the top four leading cause of death and disability in the world (Gupta and Brooks, 2006, p. 187). The considerable effects COPD has on the respiratory system are discussed showing the limiting effects it has on both ventilation and gas exchange all contribute to the exercise intolerance in patients. The musculoskeletal system is greatly hindered by the effects COPD has on the structural and biomechanical aspects causing limitations in the ability to exercise. COPD leads to cardiovascular problems which progressively get worse if patients aren’t introduced to the exercise training program to help slow down the deterioration. Anxiety and depression goes undiagnosed in a lot of patients with COPD but has been shown to contribute to both exercise intolerance and poor quality of life in patients. The intervention of the pulmonary rehabilitation program has been proven to help increa se exercise capacity, decrease dyspnoea and improve health related quality of life. The support and advice from the physiotherapist in the exercise training program, breathing exercises and techniques is a key element to the success of the pulmonary rehabilitation program. In light of all the advantages of the rehabilitation program there is still the unsubstantial effect it has on lung function in patients with COPD. References: Aliverti, A. and Macklem, P. (2001) How and Why Exercise Is Impaired in COPD. Respiration, 68 (3), pp. 229-239. Armstrong, C. (2010) Handbook of Medical Neuropsychology: Application of Cognitive Neuroscience. United States of America: Springer Science and Business Media. Barnett, M. (2006) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Primary Care. United Kingdom: Whurr Publishers Limited. Bellamy, D. and Booker, R. (2006) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Primary Care. 3rd ed. United Kingdom: Class Publishing Ltd. Burton, G. et al., (1997) Respiratory Care A Guide to Clinical Practice. 4th ed. United States of America: Lippincott-Raven Publishers. Calverley, P. M. A. et al., (2003) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 2nd ed. United Kingdom: Arnold. Giggliotti, F. et al., (2003) Breathing retraining and exercise conditioning in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a physiological approach. Respiratory Medicine, 97 (3), pp. 197-204. Guell, R. et al., (2000) Long-term Effects of Outpatient Rehabilitation of COPD. Chest journals, 117 (4), pp. 976-983. Gupta, R. and Brooks, D. (2008) Aerobic Exercise for Individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Physiotherapy Canada, 58 (3), pp. 179-186. Mador, J. and Bozkanat, E. (2001) Skeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiratory research, 2 (4), pp.216-224. Mador, J. et al., (2004) Endurance and Strength Training in Patients with COPD. Chest journals, 125 (6), pp. 2036-2045. Maltais, F. et al., (1997) Intensity of training and physiological adaptation in patients chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. America journal of critical care medicine, 155, pp. 555-561. Mikelsons, C. (2008) The role of physiotherapy in the management of COPD. Respiratory Medicine, 4 (1), pp. 2-7. Nici, L. et al., (2006) American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Statement on Pulmonary Rehabilitation. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 173 (12), pp. 1390-1413. Ortega, F. et al., (2002) Comparison of Effects of Strength and Endurance Training in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 166 (5), pp. 669-674. Rochester, C. (2003) Exercise training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 40 (5), pp. 59-80. Sietsema, K. (2001) Cardiovascular limitations in chronic pulmonary disease. Medicine science in sports exercise, 33 (7), pp. 656-661. Spahija, J. et al., (2005) Effects of Imposed Pursed-Lips Breathing on Respiratory Mechanics and Dyspnea at Rest and During Exercise in COPD. Chest journals, 128 (2), pp. 640-650. Thomas, A. J. (2006) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: The contribution of skeletal muscle dysfunction to exercise intolerance. Physical therapy reviews, 11 (1), pp. 62-66. Tiep, B. (1997) Disease Management of COPD with Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Chest journals, 112 (6), pp. 1630-1656. Vonk-Noordegraaf, A. et al., (2005) Early Changes of Cardiac Structure and function in COPD Patients with Mild Hypoxemia. Chest journals, 127 (6), pp. 1898-1903. Wanke, T. et al., (1994) Effects of combined inspiratory muscle and cycle ergometer training on exercise performance in patients with COPD. European Respiratory Journal, 7 (12), pp. 2205-2211. Yohannes, A. Connolly, M. (2007) A national survey: percussion, vibration, shaking and active cycle of breathing techniques used in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Physiotherapy, 93 (2), pp. 110-113. How to cite Foundations of physiotherapy practice, Essay examples

Introduction to the Visitor Economy

Question: Write about theIntroduction to the Visitor Economy. Answer: Introduction A tourist attraction is a place of interest where the visitors visit for its value, culture, historical significance or natural attraction. The case study chosen for this report is Gold Coast as a tourist destination. The history and heritage of Gold Coast goes back in the 1700s when European travellers began arriving (Goldcoast.qld.gov.au 2016). Gold Coast is the sixth largest city in Australia and the second-largest in Queensland after Brisbane. The coastal city is located in the Australian State of Queensland which is approximately 41 mi south-southeast of the state capital Brisbane and immediately north of the border with New South Wales (Goldcoast.qld.gov.au 2016). The city of Gold Coast stretches from the Albert River in the north to the New South Wales border in the south, and west to the coastal mountains. Before the Europeans settled, the river valleys, wetlands and hills were the home of Yugambeh people (Goldcoast.qld.gov.au 2016). The city of Gold Coast is a significant to urist destination in Australia as it has a sunny tropical climate, canal and waterway systems, surfing beaches, nightlife, theme parks and rainforest hinterland (Goldcoast.qld.gov.au 2016). Moreover, the destination shall host Commonwealth Games in 2018 (Goldcoast.qld.gov.au 2016). The case study is chosen as it is a perfect destination for business, study, investment, events, tourism and sport. The city welcomes 12 million visitors annually due to is attractions (Goldcoast.qld.gov.au 2016). The aim of this report is to analyse positive and negative environmental, economic and socio-cultural impacts. A justification and recommendations are provided to manage the negative impacts. The industries involved both directly and indirectly for managing the negative impacts are identified. Positive Impacts This section analyzes the positive impacts economically, environmentally and socio-culturally with Gold Coast as a tourist destination. Economic Impacts There are various economic benefits due to tourism as the money spent by visitors helps in stimulating the economy, employment opportunities and is beneficial for the local business. Tourism creates both direct and indirect employment in retail and transportation sectors. The visitors and residents of Gold Coast spend their money on purchasing goods and services which in turn has a multiplier effect creating more employment opportunities. It is reported that Gold Coast wins the right to host Commonwealth Games of the year 2018 and the event is most likely to create 33,540 jobs in Queensland by the year 2020 (Berg 2011). Moreover, the economic benefit that shall be received from it is specified to be approximately $2 billion (Berg 2011). Massive infrastructure shall be sparkled with the flood in tourism. Moreover, tourism in Gold Coast also provides opportunities to small-scale businesses. Tourism in Gold Coast attracts millions of people which increase tourist activities and income. This income can be used to maintain the infrastructure and roads. The businesses generate extra tax revenue that can be used for housing, schools and healthcare. Therefore, tourism at Gold Coast improves and promotes the development of sporting facilities, public transport and other public facilities (Visitgoldcoast.com 2016). Environmental Impacts Tourism helps in the promotion of conservation of natural resources and wildlife which are also considered as tourism assets. Gold Coast is famous for its green environment, golden beaches and has a list of heritage rainforests. Gold Coasts ecotourism industry runs climate friendly business which support planting of native trees. The city considers climate change seriously and uses greenhouse gases for making a positive difference. The Gold Coast emits approximately nine (9) million tonnes of CO2 equivalents each year - 16 tonnes per resident (Goldcoast.qld.gov.au 2016). Our average rate of CO2 emissions per person is lower than the Australian average (20 tonnes) - probably due to the mild weather (Goldcoast.qld.gov.au 2016). The total amount of energy consumed by the Gold Coast community each year is equivalent (if it was possible) to driving to the sun and back 100 times (Goldcoast.qld.gov.au 2016). This is partially offset with over 50,000 Gold Coast homes producing their own sola r power (Goldcoast.qld.gov.au 2016). With better appreciation of the environment and spreading awareness regarding the environmental issues, a safer environment can be created. Gold Coast tourism helps in restoration and conservation of sites. The plant or animal species which might become extinct can be preserved. There are strict laws for protecting the animals for nature-loving tourists that lead to environmental benefit (Goldcoast.qld.gov.au 2016). Socio-Cultural Impacts Gold Coast has been one of the famous tourist destinations that imply positive perception of the people. It is evident that a lot of effort must have been made to make Gold Coast such a famous and favourite tourist destination. Huge money is invested to preserve the local heritage. Moreover, better facilities such as education, lifestyle, and social event organization and leisure facilities are also created due to tourist activities in Gold Coast. The local people in Gold Coast interact with the tourists as there is a diverse background of people thereby creating a cosmopolitan culture in the region. Tourism in Gold Coast also encourages the celebration of traditional festivals which enhances civic pride (Kim et al. 2015). There are live cultural performances, handicrafts and special functions to enhance tourist involvement. Most of the people visiting Gold Coast do not know the history or importance of the region. Therefore tourism helps in raising awareness while attracting tourist s in the region. The benefits derived from tourism are shared evenly across the community. As tourism showcases religion in Gold Coast, there is a better opinion of the people in the region that encourages future business investment or tourism activities (Deery, Jago and Fredline 2012). Negative Impacts This section analyzes the negative impacts economically, environmentally and socio-culturally with Gold Coast as a tourist destination. Economic Impacts There are various economic disadvantages that are accompanied with Gold Coast tourism. It is reported that Gold Coast wins the right to host Commonwealth Games of the year 2018 and the benefits perceived from it was priceless (Berg 2011). However, it is argued that the major event shall make the economy disruptive. The roads might remain shut. The residents of Gold Coast might have to stay away fearing the crowds and they might not go out for entertainment. The businesses that would not be able to take advantage of the visitors or tourists might experience a decline in sales (Alam and Paramati 2016). Events at tourist destination lead to unnecessary expenditure. The spending priorities are disrupted and the stadiums for the event have only limited use till the event is over. The transportation designed to move from one place to another after the visitors leave. Moreover, the tax-payers money is used to finance the events which disrupt the economic scenario of Gold Coast (Berg 2011). Moreover, the property prices in the region are rising that makes it difficult for people to live. Not only prices of property, but other goods and services also tend to increase (Expatistan.com 2016). Environmental Impacts In the earlier section, the positive environmental effects of tourism in Gold Coast were discussed. This section analyses the negative effects of tourism such as threats to natural resources. Tourism harms the Gold Coast environment from increased pollution, natural habitat loss and more. As there is increase in public transportation, there is increased air pollution as one of the major negative effects (Mason 2012). Further, the land resource such as forests, wildlife, fossil fuels and minerals are degraded due to increased deforestation and land clearing. Water is one of the significant resources which are deficit in the region. The tourists blatantly avoid the environmental rules due to excess zeal or ignorance (Voltes-Dorta et al. 2014). Climate change is another great damage caused in Gold Coast. Moreover, the tourists have an attitude of polluting the environment through excessive littering. There is increased sewage production and noise as millions of visitors visit Gold Coast annually (Kim et al. 2015). Many of the negative impacts from tourism occur when the amount of visitors is greater than the environment's ability to cope with the visitor volume. There is increased waste discharge into the sea and waterways. Moreover, the endangered plant and species become more vulnerable. Hence, due to increased vulnerability, there is loss of biodiversity. With the exceeding environmental capacity, there is strain on scarce resources. There is a need to continually check on tourism so that it can be made sustainable (Kim, Uysal and Sirgy 2013). Socio-cultural Impacts This section analyses the negative effects of tourism in Gold Coast. It is observed that there is economic inequality as the locals and tourists spend more than they usually spend. The visitors or tourists might fail to respect the moral values or local customs. The tourist behaviour can inflict behaviour such as drug and alcohol issues. Gold Coast might become a tourist trap which loses the feel of its local community (Mitchell 2012). The tourists who get involved in excess drugs or alcohol may also increase the criminal rate as they might contribute to crimes. The behaviour may also be rowdy or delinquent due to the same reason (Deery, Jago and Fredline 2012). The visitors deny local residents or make the facilities such as sporting facilities, parks, roads, and public transport less available for the local people. The character of region might change for the worse thereby affecting local character (Tang 2015). Further, tourism in Gold Coast might infringe human rights as the local s can be put away for using the land to make new hotels or barring from braches. The interaction with tourist may also erode the traditional culture and value. Tourism may result in overcrowding and the existing infrastructure may not be able to cope up due to overcrowding and poor sanitation. This shall lead to increase in risk of diseases both for the local people and the tourists. Other criminal activity such as fetching money easily from the tourists is also termed under anti-social activities (Stylidis et al. 2014). Managing Negative Impacts Tourism is a fragile industry which is bound to be affected by various socio-cultural, environmental and economic factors which have been discussed in the previous sections. Gold Coast must promote sustainable tourism so that it leaves a positive impact on the society, environment and the economy. The following recommendations are made to develop sustainable tourism practices in Gold Coast (Lee 2013). Tourism planning shall help in integrating sustainable tourism plan into the regional or national development plans for strengthening the ground. The tourism planners must identify and utilize the information cooperative processes, evaluation tools and others for sustainable tourism. Planning shall help in defining vision for public use development and tourism. The plans shall also help in preserving destination values by outlining processes for monitoring change to evaluate threats and opportunities. Constituencies can be involved in the tourism planning process so that different values related to tourism is involved. Coordination needs to be made between destinations for improving planning (Waligo, Clarke and Hawkins 2013). The tourism businesses must involve innovative approach for improving the efficiency of resource use and tackling the challenges related to greenhouse gas emissions, land degradation, waste production, climate change and protecting biodiversity. The tourists must be encouraged to make sustainable choices so that there is better consistency (Jamal and Camargo 2013). The people must be informed and educated so that there is massive participation in sustainable tourism practices. The consumers must be encouraged to use locally developed products so that local employment is generated. Moreover, there is a need for local support initiatives for community development including health, education and sanitation. The sustainable tourism needs must be validated and prioritized. Strategic partnerships must be formed for enhancing technical and financial resources (Andersson and Lundberg 2013). Involving Industries The Queensland Government plays a critical role in enhancing the tourism scenario at Gold Coast. The industries related to tourism that are involved both directly and indirectly are transportation, food and beverage, accommodations, entertainment and travel services. The food and beverage industry must employ local people so that there is full employment. The food and beverage industry must try to preserve the traditional customs and dishes which can be consumed by the tourists. The offerings of food and beverage sector must be diverse for meeting the needs of tourists. Therefore, the negative impacts can be minimized. The accommodation industry must suit the needs of tourists as they have different choices, tastes, preferences and budget for living. Gold Coast tourism department must ensure that the needs and preferences of the diverse population base are met. Moreover, the government must keep the property prices as it should be so that the local residents do not have to move away from their own land. Therefore, the negative impacts can be minimized (Singal 2015). The entertainment sector is very important as it comprises of water parks, movie theatres and other entertaining activities. This industry shall help in minimizing negative impacts through sustainable practices. Resource use and integrating sustainability through waste management and other measures can help in minimizing the negative impact caused due to tourism. The transportation industry can involve sustainable transport or green transport where the transport does not rely on natural resources. The travel services also form a part of the tourism industry as the tourists travel from one place to another. With the involvement of green practices, the air pollution level and water pollution level can be minimized thereby negating impacts (Kim, Lee and Bonn 2016). Conclusion Gold Coast is the sixth largest city in Australia and the second-largest in Queensland after Brisbane. The city of Gold Coast is a significant tourist destination in Australia as it has a sunny tropical climate, canal and waterway systems, surfing beaches, nightlife, theme parks and rainforest hinterland. The city welcomes 12 million visitors annually due to is attractions. The visitors and residents of Gold Coast spend their money on purchasing goods and services which in turn has a multiplier effect creating more employment opportunities. The city considers climate change seriously and uses greenhouse gases for making a positive difference. There are strict laws for protecting the animals for nature-loving tourists that lead to environmental benefit. Huge money is invested to preserve the local heritage. Moreover, better facilities such as education, lifestyle, and social event organization and leisure facilities are also created due to tourist activities in Gold Coast. The benefits derived from tourism are shared evenly across the community. The residents of Gold Coast might have to stay away fearing the crowds and they might not go out for entertainment. The tourists blatantly avoid the environmental rules due to excess zeal or ignorance. The tourist behaviour can inflict behaviour such as drug and alcohol issues. The interaction with tourist may also erode the traditional culture and value. The Queensland Government plays a critical role in enhancing the tourism scenario at Gold Coast. Tourism planning shall help in integrating sustainable tourism plan into the regional or national development plans for strengthening the ground. The tourists must be encouraged to make sustainable choices so that there is better consistency. References Alam, M. and Paramati, S., 2016. The impact of tourism on income inequality in developing economies: Does Kuznets curve hypothesis exist?.Annals of Tourism Research, 61, pp.111-126. Andersson, T. and Lundberg, E., 2013. Commensurability and sustainability: Triple impact assessments of a tourism event.Tourism Management, 37, pp.99-109. Berg, C., 2011.Commonwealth Games bad news for the Gold Coast. [online] ABC News. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-11-16/berg---commonwealth-games-bad-news-for-the-gold-coast/3668140?pfmredir=sm [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Deery, M., Jago, L. and Fredline, L., 2012. Rethinking social impacts of tourism research: A new research agenda.Tourism Management, 33(1), pp.64-73. Expatistan.com, 2016.Cost of Living in Gold Coast, Australia. Nov 2016 prices in Gold Coast.. [online] Expatistan, cost of living comparisons. Available at: https://www.expatistan.com/cost-of-living/gold-coast [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Goldcoast.qld.gov.au, 2016.City of Gold Coast | Climate change. [online] Goldcoast.qld.gov.au. Available at: https://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/environment/climate-control-561.html [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Goldcoast.qld.gov.au, 2016.City of Gold Coast | Climate change. [online] Goldcoast.qld.gov.au. Available at: https://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/environment/climate-control-561.html [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Goldcoast.qld.gov.au, 2016.City of Gold Coast | Gold Coast environment. [online] Goldcoast.qld.gov.au. Available at: https://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/environment/default.html [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Goldcoast.qld.gov.au, 2016.City of Gold Coast | The Gold Coast. [online] Goldcoast.qld.gov.au. Available at: https://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/thegoldcoast/default.html [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Jamal, T. and Camargo, B., 2013. Sustainable tourism, justice and an ethic of care: toward the Just Destination.Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(1), pp.11-30. Kim, K., Uysal, M. and Sirgy, M., 2013. How does tourism in a community impact the quality of life of community residents?.Tourism Management, 36, pp.527-540. Kim, M.J., Lee, C.K. and Bonn, M., 2016. The effect of social capital and altruism on seniors' revisit intention to social network sites for tourism-related purposes. Tourism Management, 53, pp.96-107. Kim, W., Jun, H., Walker, M. and Drane, D., 2015. Evaluating the perceived social impacts of hosting large-scale sport tourism events: Scale development and validation.Tourism Management, 48, pp.21-32. Lee, T., 2013. Influence analysis of community resident support for sustainable tourism development.Tourism Management, 34, pp.37-46. Mason, P., 2012.Tourism impacts, planning and management. 1st ed. Amsterdam: Butterworth Heinemann. Mitchell, J., 2012. Value chain approaches to assessing the impact of tourism on low-income households in developing countries.Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(3), pp.457-475. Singal, M., 2015. How is the hospitality and tourism industry different? An empirical test of some structural characteristics. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 47, pp.116-119. Stylidis, D., Biran, A., Sit, J. and Szivas, E., 2014. Residents' support for tourism development: The role of residents' place image and perceived tourism impacts.Tourism Management, 45, pp.260-274. Tang, Z., 2015. An integrated approach to evaluating the coupling coordination between tourism and the environment.Tourism Management, 46, pp.11-19. Visitgoldcoast.com, 2016.Tour Gold Coast, Surfers Paradise - VisitGoldCoast.com. [online] visitgoldcoast.com. Available at: https://www.visitgoldcoast.com/places-to-see/molendinar/tours/tour-gold-coast [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Voltes-Dorta, A., Jimnez, J. and Surez-Alemn, A., 2014. An initial investigation into the impact of tourism on local budgets: Acomparative analysis of Spanish municipalities.Tourism Management, 45, pp.124-133. Waligo, V., Clarke, J. and Hawkins, R., 2013. Implementing sustainable tourism: A multi-stakeholder involvement management framework.Tourism Management, 36, pp.342-353.

Pantheon Essays (681 words) - Domes, Pantheon, Rome, Pantheon

Pantheon Pantheon, temple dedicated to all the gods. The Pantheon of Rome is the best-preserved major edifice of ancient Rome and one of the most significant buildings in architectural history. In shape it is an immense cylinder concealing eight piers, topped with a dome and fronted by a rectangular colonnaded porch. The great vaulted dome is 43.2 m (142 ft) in diameter, and the entire structure is lighted through one aperture, called an oculus, in the center of the dome. The Pantheon was erected by the Roman emperor Hadrian between AD 118 and 128, replacing a smaller temple built by the statesman Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa in 27 BC. In the early 7th century it was consecrated as a church, Santa Maria ad Martyres, to which act it owes its survival (see Architecture). The term pantheon also refers to a building that serves as a mausoleum or memorial for eminent personages of a country. The most famous example is the Church of Sainte Genevi?ve in Paris, designed (1764) in the classical style by the French architect Jacques Germain Soufflot. It was later secularized, renamed the Pantheon, and used as a temple to honor the great of France. Built in Rome, AD c.118-28, in the reign of Emperor Hadrian, the Pantheon is the best preserved and most impressive of all Roman buildings. It has exerted an enormous influence on all subsequent Western architecture. The Pantheon asserts the primacy of space as contained volume over structure in the most dramatic fashion. From the time of the Pantheon onward, Roman architecture was to be one of spatial volumes. The Pantheon was designed and built by Hadrian to replace an earlier temple established by Agrippa (the misleading inscription in the entrance frieze refers to this earlier edifice). The existing structure is an immense round temple covered by a single dome, fronted by a transitional block and a traditional temple portico of eight Corinthian columns carrying a triangular pediment. Originally, the awkward juxtaposition of these three sections was softened by a rectangular forum in front of the temple. The temple is deceptively simple in appearance, consisting of a circular drum carrying a hemispherical dome with an inside diameter of 43.2 m (142 ft). The proportions are such that, if extended to the floor, the curve of the inner surface of the dome would just "kiss" the floor; thus, a perfect sphere is contained, a symbolic reference to the temple's dedication to all the gods--pan ("all") plus theos ("god")--in the sphere of the heavens. The drum and dome are of solid monolithic concrete, reinforced with bands of vitrified tile. The vertical gravity loads are collected and distributed to the drum by relieving arches incorporated in the concrete. The wall of the drum, 6.1 m (20 ft) thick, is hollowed out by a series of alternately rectangular and curved niches or recesses. Thus, the drum is transformed into a series of massive radial buttresses, lessening its deadweight without decreasing its strength. The weight of the upper sections, and thus the magnitude of the thrusts, was reduced by varying the density of the filler in the concrete, from pumice in the upper dome to tufa in the middle sections and dense basalt in the foundations. The visually compressive effect of the dome on the inside is lessened by deep coffers (indentations) radiating down from the central oculus ("eye")--9.1 m (30 ft) in diameter--the only window in the building. Because the oculus is open to the sky, the floor is slightly concave with a drain at the center. The building was converted into a church dedicated to Mary (Santa Maria Rotunda) in 609, and therefore it escaped destruction. It is the only Roman building to retain its marble revetments, mosaics, and stuccowork. The huge bronze doors (7 m/24 ft high) are the largest Roman doors to survive in place and remain in use. Leland M. Roth Bibliography: Boethius, Axel, and Ward-Perkins, J. B., Etruscan and Roman Architecture (1970); MacDonald, William L., The Pantheon (1976); Ward-Perkins, J.B., Roman Imperial Architecture (1981).

Hygroscopic Definition in Chemistry

Hygroscopic Definition in Chemistry Water is an important solvent, so its unsurprising that there is a term specifically related to water absorption. Definition of Hygroscopic A hygroscopic substance is able to absorb or adsorb water from its surroundings. Typically, this occurs at or near ordinary room temperature. Most hygroscopic materials are salts, but many other materials display the property. When water vapor is absorbed, the water molecules are taken into the molecules of the substance, often resulting in physical changes, such as increased volume. Color, boiling point, temperature, and viscosity can also change. When water vapor is adsorbed, the water molecules remain on the surface of the material. Examples of Hygroscopic Materials Zinc chloride, sodium chloride, and sodium hydroxide crystals are hygroscopic. Silica gel, honey, nylon, and ethanol are also hygroscopic. Sulfuric acid is hygroscopic, not only when concentrated but also down to a concentration of 10% v/v or even lower. Germinating seeds also are hygroscopic. After seeds have dried, their outer coating becomes hygroscopic and starts absorbing moisture needed for germination. Some seeds have hygroscopic portions that change the shape of the seed when moisture is absorbed. The seed of Hesperostipa comata twists and untwists, depending on its hydration level, drilling the seed into the soil. Animals also make use of hygroscopic materials. For example, a species of lizard commonly called the thorny dragon has hygroscopic grooves between its spines. Water (dew) condenses on the spines at night and collects in the grooves, and then capillary action lets the lizard capture water across its skin. Hygroscopic Versus Hydroscopic You might encounter the word hydroscopic used in place of hygroscopic. Although hydro- is a prefix meaning water, the word hydroscopic is a misspelling and is incorrect. A hydroscope is an instrument used to take deep sea measurements. A device called a hygroscope in the 1790s was an instrument used to measure humidity levels. The modern name for such a device is a hygrometer. Hygroscopy and Deliquescence Hygroscopic and deliquescent materials are both able to absorb moisture from the air. However, hygroscopy and deliquescence dont mean precisely the same thing. Hygroscopic materials absorb moisture, but deliquescent materials absorb moisture to the extent that the substance dissolves in water. Deliquescence may be considered an extreme form of hygroscopy. A hygroscopic material will become damp and may stick to itself or become caky, while a deliquescent material will liquefy. Hygroscopy Versus Capillary Action While capillary action is another mechanism involving the uptake of water, it differs from hygroscopy in that no absorption occurs in capillary action. Storing Hygroscopic Materials Hygroscopic chemicals require special care. Typically, they are stored in airtight containers. They may also be maintained under kerosene, oil, or within a dry atmosphere. Uses of Hygroscopic Materials Hygroscopic substances are used to keep products dry or to remove water from an area. They are commonly used in desiccators. Hygroscopic materials may be added to products because of their ability to attract and hold moisture. These substances are referred to as humectants. Examples of humectants used in food, cosmetics, and drugs include salt, honey, ethanol, and sugar. The Bottom Line Hygroscopic and deliquescent materials and humectants are all able to absorb moisture from the air. Generally, deliquescent materials are used as desiccants. They dissolve in the water they absorb to yield a liquid solution. Most other hygroscopic materials (which dont dissolve) are called humectants.

How the banking industry has been affected by online banking Dissertation

How the banking industry has been affected by online banking - Dissertation Example Telecommunication systems and technologies help the bank to reach customers and provide them with not only general information but also the opportunity to perform interactive services of offline banking transactions like payment, receipts and transfer of funds (Aladwani, 2001). However Sullivan (2002) is critical of the technology and advises the banks that adopt internet banking to develop different methods of conducting business and speculates that internet will destroy old models and concepts of banking and will have profound influence on the banking industry. Online banking though offers variety of services resulting in better customer satisfaction giving personal experience (Karjaluoto, et al, 2002), it is often accompanied by risk factors which is why there is a need to carry out a research to study how the online banking has affected the banking industry. Background Traditionally banks used the internet to provide general information about the banks, services offered and other information to the customers. The incredible growth of internet has changed the way banking was processed with the entry of virtual banks like Compubank and Net.B@nk, providing customers with financial services over the internet and low cost or no fees as these banks do not have branches thus reducing the operating and fixed costs by replacing employees with technology (Jun and Cai, 2001). In order to sustain their competitiveness in the market, the traditional banks went online in order to provide better customer service, allow the customer access the services from the internet, make payment, receive and transfer funds online without standing in queue. According to a June 2006 study by the Pew Internet and American Life Project, 43 percent of internet users or about 63 percent of American adults bank online (Patton, 2006). Online banking allows 24/7 customer service, borderless transactions, speedy service, effective banking transaction assisted with more sophisticated tools and s ervices providing optimum security (Magoon and Vasisth, 2006). According to Plunkett (2008) companies that offer ATMs, physical branches and online services find the combination to be very effective as it costs a great deal less to service a customer who primarily relies on online services to manage accounts and ATMs to withdraw cash. Consumers who use online services seem to be educated, have large bank balances, better credit ratings and create higher levels of profits than customers who opt for traditional banking, the view which is also agreed and found by Sullivan (2000) that bank can generate a large number of Internet transaction if it has sizeable customer base. However, Plunkett (2008) states that maintaining accounts security are the major challenge to online banking as they have often been subject to attacks by hackers, scam artists and virus writers. It is further stated that success in online banking seems to be dependent on physical locations as consumers still wanted a branch to solve their queries. In a study carried out by Rose (cited in Jun and Cai, 2001), it was found that most of the banks, evaluated for service quality, showed an unsatisfactory level of service and argued that online banking has become complicated which may cause many problem than it can solve. Various studies

International Transport Companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Transport Companies - Essay Example Transport is one of the primary requirements of the modern age since the ability to move from one point on the planet to another gives human beings the chance to engage in many activities that make our way of life possible. In fact, international trade, humanitarian assistance, global commerce and even the process of globalization itself could be completely stalled if the present means of international transport were not there. The IRU (2002) reports that: â€Å"Issues in transport directly concern the whole functioning of international trade system. In fact, any transport network failures may be assimilated to "blood clots" obstructing free movement of people, goods and services, and hindering sustainable development of world economy. (IRU, 2002, Pg. 1)† With the existence of international transport, international laws also prohibit the transport of certain goods from one nation to another and wherever there are laws to prohibit something there is money to be made in breaking the law. This means that there is a thriving underground network of transporters who knowingly or unknowingly are busy transporting humans, drugs, weapons, chemicals and even animals that have certain restrictions placed on them (Wikipedia, 2006). The transport of such goods creates several problems for international transport companies, therefore, the company themselves, as well as the governments they deal with, have to work towards minimizing the associated problems. Fundamentally, if an international transport company of repute plays by the book, then the company knows fully that engaging in the transport of illegal/unwanted goods will have negative effects on the operations of the company. For example, productivity would be hurt because the ratio of goods and services which are provided by the company might need more inputs from the labor and the management to prevent the presence of stowaways or smuggled goods.

The Influence of Loyalty Programmes on Customer Loyalty in Banking Essay

The Influence of Loyalty Programmes on Customer Loyalty in Banking Sector - Essay Example Due to globalised competition the strategic importance of satisfaction, loyalty and quality has been the core structure in winning over the consumer’s preferences and maintain competitive advantage. Thus the higher the quality of service, the more satisfied and loyal the customers would be. Since customer loyalty is still in a flux in the financial service sector, banks have an opportunity to strengthen the customer relationship by means of rewards programs which are relevant to its customers. About 20% of the banking customers are likely to change the primary institutions and also almost half of the percentage of customers prefers relationship with multiple institutions. Therefore a successful loyalty program would get customers invested in the relationship by rewarding the customers on the most optimal products and services (BAI, 2011). Aims and Objective The aim of the research is to find out the influence of loyalty programmes on customer loyalty in banking sector. The obj ectives of the project are to Analyses the factors that influences the loyalty of the customers in the banking sector To analyses the influence of quality on satisfaction Any changes in the customers loyalty patterns Recommendations on how banks can improve customer loyalty. Research questions The following are the research questions associated with the project: 1. What will be the impact of customers loyalty towards the banks brand image and positioning? 2. Does customer loyalty influences consumer behaviour? 3. How would customer loyalty affect the competitive advantage of the banking sector? 4. What is the influence of loyalty programs in the banking sector? 5. What factors influences the customer’s loyalty in the banking industry?. Literature Review Customer loyalty is about attracting right customers, getting the customers to buy often, allow the customers to buy in higher quantities and brings in more customers for the organization. it is build through means of keeping in touch with the customers, showing the customers that the organization cares for them and rewarding the customers for choosing a particular bank over its competitors. Thus treating the customers the way they want it to be treated (Customer Loyalty Institute, n.d). There are many different approaches towards customer loyalty. Theories of behavioural loyalty were considered as the function of total purchase; function of buying pattern, or of buying probability. These are the approaches that look at the brand loyalty rather than reasons. Loyalty should be evaluated both attitudinal and behavioural criteria (Akhter et.al, 2011, p. 1168). With the availability of ample banking facilities the customers gets influenced and this leads to customer loyalty towards its bank (Fry et.al, 2011). The managers are aware of the fact that quality superiority provides a competitive advantage for the banks and leads to customer loyalty, growth of market share and productivity of the banks. Culture ha s been identified as the key variable that influences the service quality perception that examines the banking sector (Sigala & Christou, 2006, p.381). Brand plays an important role in bank marketing in order to attract as well as retain its customers. Brand building is a costly activity but its benefits

How Could Volkswagen Use Motivation Theories Commerce Essay

How Could Volkswagen Use Motivation Theories Commerce Essay This study was initiated as a result of identifying factors affecting motivation in Volkswagen after the franchise by Nissan Motors. It identified those factors perceived by Volkswagen employees as most important for their motivation to work. A survey containing five questions related to their perception of the factors that motivate them to work. This study will analyze on how to either sustain or enhance the current level of motivation in Volkswagen. Ethics, essentially consist of a set of moral guidelines towards conductance of an appropriate behavior. Such behavior conforms to professional standards of conduct. The corporate code of ethics consists of a set or moral principles and values that govern the behavior of the organization with respect to what are right. A single code of ethics will result in the preservation of consistency and harmony within an organization. A code of ethics will be devised while conducting this study. The code of ethics will compromise of anonymity of respondents. The name, age, and profession of the respondent will not be asked. The respondents opinion about Volkswagen will be respected and will in any case be used against them. Secondly, utilization of research findings will be used as code of ethics. This means that the result of this research will be used to analyze the impact of the takeover on employee motivation and to find a solution to the problem. Justification of the chosen methodology in terms of research question The research design for this study employs a survey method. This is a method whereby the researcher gathers information about a certain phenomenon and the factors influencing it. When conducting a survey, a researcher samples respondents who answer the same questions. Research using primary and secondary research relating to the proposal Primary research is defined as original data gathering from people within target market. They are called fist hand data as they are being collected for the first time for its own needs. Secondary research is the use and analysis of data that already exist. These data were originally collected by another organization, often for a different purpose, and are often referred to as second hand data. For the purpose of this study both primary and secondary data will be collected. Given that previously no study was carried out on the factors affecting motivation in Volkswagen, there was a need to collect primary data. Hence in this case questionnaires will be distributed to the employees of Volkswagen to collect data. The formulation of the research objectives is largely materialized by the availability of secondary data such as leaflets, conditions of service of Volkswagen and among others. Secondary sources of information such as management and psychology journals will be used. Research project The action plan was approved and was qualified as being a good one by the supervisor. Questionnaires were hand delivered and emailed to participants. Questionnaires were filled out by participants and collected by the author. Some participants preferred to use email to return the questionnaires. The objective of this research project is to analyze the impact of the takeover on employee motivation in Volkswagen, and analyze how to either sustain or enhance their level of motivation by using motivation theories. So now we are going to go through some motivation theories such as Maslow hierarchy of needs, Herzberg and the two factor theory, Elton Mayo and so on so as we able to make a conclusion on employees in Volkswagen. Definition of Motivation It is easy to understand why machines, buildings, brand names and financial assets are resources of a business. What is less easily understood or realized is that perhaps the most significant resource of any business is the people it employs. As the world adopts technology at a faster rate with more sophisticated applications and as products tend towards greater similarity there is a growing awareness that a business differentiate itself and its brands by creating a quality, focused and well motivated workforce. For instance, a business organization bequeathed by modern capital, equipment, and highly qualified managers may not necessarily witness success when the labor force is less motivated. Managers should thus be concerned with the what and how workers are motivated. Hence this research project will be dealing with the use of motivation theories so as to sustain employee motivation in Volkswagen. Maslow (1908-1970) and the hierarchy of human needs Abraham Maslows research was not based solely on people in the work environment and his findings have significance for students of psychology and sociology too. He was concerned with trying to identify and classify the main needs that humans have. He also said: our needs determine our actions- we will always try to satisfy them and we will be motivated to do so. If work can be organized so that we can satisfy some or all of our needs at work then we will become more productive and satisfied. Maslow summarized the human need as follow: Physical needs: income from employment- high enough to meet essential needs. Safety needs: offering a contract of employment with some job security. A structured organization that gives clear lines of authority to reduce uncertainty. Ensuring health and safety conditions are met. Social needs: working in teams or groups and ensuring good communication to make workers feel involved. Esteem needs: offer recognition for work done well. Status, advancement and responsibility will gain the respect of others. Self actualization: offer challenging work that stretched the individual- this will give a sense of achievement. The first need is physiological needs. Once this need is fully satisfied, then the employees would be motivated by safety needs. Volkswagen staff will be motivated by safety need only after having satisfied the precedent need. With the takeover by Nissan motors, employees of Volkswagen are looking for job safety, as they fear they may lose their jobs, so the managers should see to it that the employees have job security. After having satisfied the safety needs, then the employees will be motivated by social needs, those needs are acceptance and communication. Managers should communicate with their staff often to give them a sense of belonging to the organization and show them that the situation will be the same after the takeover. Then there is the need which is associated with status and esteem. Here people are motivated to work because they are seeking recognition and self respect. They want other to respect and acknowledge their capabilities. Such needs exist at the top of the pyr amid to show that this is the ultimate aim of an employee. Herzberg the two factor theory Despite basing his research on just 200 professionally qualified workers, Herzbergs conclusions and famous two factor theory have had the greatest impact on motivational practices. His research was based around questionnaires and interviews with employees with the intention of discovering those factors that led to them having very good feeling about their jobs and those factors that led to them having very negative feeling about their jobs. His conclusions were that, job satisfaction resulted from five main factors: achievement, recognition for achievement, the work itself, responsibility and advancement. He called these factors the motivators. Motivators conversely are much more important for motivating workers. Their presence is a must in order to generate positive satisfaction, for example a good management style encouraging consultation and participation can really ignite the will to work. Elton mayo (1880-1949) and the human relations theories Elton mayo is best known for his Hawthorne Effect conclusion. These were based on a series of experiments he and his team conducted over a five year period at the Hawthorne factory of Western Electric Co in Chicago. His work was initially based on the assumption that working conditions, lightings, heating, rest periods and so on, and had a significant effect on workers productivity. The conclusion on Elton Mayos work: changes in the working conditions financial rewards have little or no effect in productivity. When management consult with workers and take an interest in their work then motivation improved. Groups can establish their own targets or norms and these can be greatly influences by the informal leaders of the group. Factors affecting motivation Researchers found different factors of motivation in their research. For some people, pay is not ranked as being the most important factor of motivation while for others it is. According to the hierarchy of needs, pay is an important reward as it provides employees with the means to purchase items which satisfy their physiological needs and esteem needs. Good communication and the role played by the supervisor Communication refers to the passing of information from one person to another, id there is effective communication between the manager of Volkswagen and the staff, then the latter will be motivated. Furthermore, the supervisor should provide feedback regarding performance to be able to set realistic goals and to give them a sense of belonging to the organization. Some workers are frustrated by the lack of supervision and employee involvement in decision making. Different styles of leadership should be adapted to different types or workers, depending upon their level on motivation. Workers of Volkswagen hear that with the takeover of Nissan motors the span of control may become wider thus increasing the time taken to communicate. Fringe benefits Some employees are motivated by benefit for instance medical subsidies, vacations, home loan etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ as these may ensure financial well being. It is believed by Gerhart and Milkovich (1992) that by linking benefits to seniority, workers will be reluctant to change jobs. However with the takeover, the staff of Volkswagen fears that their benefits obtained previously may changed. Training Training is another factor that can impact on motivation, according to some employees. They believe that with the takeover, they should be better trained so as to meet the challenges. People with the necessary knowledge, skills, abilities, and compatible values will not be frustrated in their work. Equity The workers are motivated by several factors. The managers of Volkswagen should motivate their workers by taking these factors into consideration, as they are feeling apprehensive with the takeover of Nissan motors. Findings The data collection method which has been considered the most appropriate in the research is the written questionnaires as it proceeds in an orderly and specific manner. The factors affecting motivation as well as the level of frustration of the staff with regards to the takeover by Nissan motors, has been discussed. All these findings will be represented below in a bar chart which shows the level of frustration of the employees with regards to their pay level, good communication, the benefits they are receiving, the level of training and the level of equity by the takeover of Nissan motors. Justifications: The number of workers who are frustrated that their level of pay may change is 20. The number of workers who fear that the span of control and the time taken to communicate with their supervisors may increase is 12. The number of workers who fear that their benefits may be affected is 5. The number of workers, who demand training as they want to be better equipped to meet the challenges, is 10. The number of workers who fear that inequity may occur is 3. The total number of workers interviewed is 50. Evaluation on the methodology used and analysis of findings: A bar chart was used to illustrate all the information so that information can be understood clearly. The table below shows the different values in terms of percentages. Factors Frequency Valid % Pay 20 40 Communication 12 24 Benefits 5 10 Training 10 20 Equity 3 6 40%, out of which 15 % are female, are frustrated with regards to their level of pay. 24%, out of which 13% are female, feel that the span of control and the time taken to communicate with their supervisors may increase. 10%, out of which 7.5% are female, fear that the benefits they are receiving may change. 20%, out of which 14% are female, feel that they must get more training so as to better face new challenges. 6%, out of which 2 % are female, feel that inequity may occur with the re-branding process Impact on the performance on the organization A lack of motivation amongst the workforce may lead to a fall in productivity and efficiency: workers are more frustrated and are less willing to give the best of themselves. Hence productivity as well as efficiency may fall, thereby preventing the organisation which is Volkswagen to attain its pre-determined objectives. Motivation induces workers to work harder and also to compete among themselves. However, with a lack of adequate motivation, there will be no competition. As a consequence, Volkswagen may become less competitive both internally and externally. Motivation also promotes more comprehensiveness. Motivated workforces has a favorable attitude and are willing to adapt to changes. However, if workers are less motivated, they will be less willing to accept changes, thus making Volkswagen more inflexible. Recommendations The bright picture is that the majority of people still believe that the future is bright enough and many challenges would be overcome with appropriate training and development. Volkswagen could come up with various incentive packages to motivate its staff and face the fierce competition intelligently and wisely.

What Foreign Aid Is Essay -- Politics Political Government Relations E

What Foreign Aid Is There are two words that many politicians like to shy away from, and those two words are, "foreign aid." Taking a firm stand on either side of this topic is usually side stepped by decision makers. Their opinions are usually based on a case by case analysis. This extremely controversial topic involves whether or not to support the policy of foreign aid to needy or sometimes not so needy countries. What benefits does foreign aid have for the countries that receive it, and does it have any benefits for the countries who give? Some may say that instead of spending money on foreign aid, money should be spent on domestic aid. Those who argue in favor of foreign aid say that it is an investment in the future of both countries that will eventually pay off. There is also another factor to consider when discussing foreign aid: what kind of foreign aid is being offered. There are three different types of foreign aid: first, there is military foreign aid; second, there is foreign aid for the advancement of business; third, there is emergency foreign aid for food and medicine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foreign aid to countries can help in many ways. It can be used as a tool in bargaining. For instance a country that has just received foreign aid or is expecting to get their regular installment of foreign aid will be more likely to listen to new ideas. Because some countries are so dependent on their regular installments of foreign aid, they are willing to appease countries such as the U.S who are giving it. When looked at closely, foreign aid may be considered an elaborate system of legal bribery. This becomes evident when countries do what they would normally not consider doing in order to continue receiving foreign aid. The U.S supplies financial foreign aid to many different countries; sometimes this foreign aid is in a form of a loan. For example, recently the U.S. supplied Mexico with a loan in order to save the falling value of the Peso. This loan was denigrated by much of the U.S. population because many people don't understand why the U.S. should care about the falling value of the Mexican Peso. First of all, deflation of the Peso means a loss of jobs in Mexico which would in turn send an influx of illeagal immigrants from Mexico to the United States. In addition, Mexico is a large economy that imports American goods. If the P... ...the relief workers and to distribute the goods. Soon it seemed that the US was not wanted in Somalia, and it seemed as if they were biting the hand that feeds them. With such negative feelings about the US troops staying in Somalia, an ethical decision had to be made. Do we help these starving people, or do we leave to protect ourselves. Somalia was supposed to be a strictly humanitarian effort, but it turned out to be a military effort when the US had to fight against all sides.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When every aspect of foreign aid is looked at, a decision about who is right or wrong by each individual on their own. Foreign aid is most likely a necessary evil for a superpower such as the United States. The US, just because of the sheer size and strength of its economy and military might has to watch over the rest of the world in order to keep balance and peace around the world. When considered, it turns out to be that all the foreign aid combined is such a small percentage of the United States GDP that we really have little to complain about. I believe that foreign aid is blown out of proportion by the media. It is hot topic that generates controversy and kicks up the ratings.

Competition in the Golf Industry

An Analysis of â€Å"Competition in the Golf Industry† It is unknown when the game of golf originated, but it is believed that people began playing in Europe during the middle ages. In the United States, golf was a sport primarily played by the wealthy individuals until tournaments began being televised. Since then, golf has grown to be a very lucrative industry with over 27 million golfers nationwide by the end of the 1990’s. â€Å"Competition in the Golf Equipment Industry,† a case study written by John E. Gamble of the University of South Alabama, is an overview of the problems currently facing major companies in the golf equipment industry: technological limitations (due to golf’s governing organizations), a decline in the number of golfers, and the economic recession, and the threat of counterfeit products. These limitations are causing leading competitors in the golf industry, namely Calloway Golf, to rethink their strategies in 2010. PLAC Analysis for Calloway Golf Ely Reeves Calloway Jr. , Calloway’s original owner, CEO and President, bought a manufacturing company of hickory shaft wedges and putters in 1983. Calloway, originally restricted to reproducing antique golf clubs, has extended its product breadth across the golf equipment industry. Calloway Golf now encompasses drivers (with the introduction of Big Bertha), putters (with the acquisition of Odyssey), irons (designed to compete against Titleist), golf balls (with the acquisition of Top-Flite), footwear and clothes branding, and GPS units (with the acquisition of UPlay). See Timeline in Appendix 1. Calloway has differentiated itself from its competitors by its innovation, beginning with the success of their driver, Big Bertha, which initiated the technology race among firms. Calloway and its’ competitors introduce more innovative products every 12-18 months to remain competitive. Furthermore, Calloway has acquired several firms since its origination in 1983 in order to expand its product breadth. Although in 2009, Calloway Golf Company was the â€Å"second largest seller of drivers and fairway woods,† revenues have declined by 17% in 2009 compared to the first six months of 2008. Challenges facing this firm will be assessed in the SWOT analysis. SWOT Analysis for the golf industry, Calloway Golf & Recommendations See Appendix 2 for Matrix Strengths: Calloway’s technological innovation in making a driver that pushed the limits of USGA standards shows motivation to become the best. Marketing to recreational golfers in an attempt to help them enjoy the game more by offering an opportunity to drive 6-10 yards further was a benchmark and pushed Calloway’s product to the best golf product of the century by a two-to-one margin. Calloway’s recognizable name also gives them a competitive edge. Weaknesses: Although these technological advances may have boosted sales, there is still little evidence that these advances help golfers lower their scores. Another weakness of the industry is sustainability. With the development of new products every 12-18 months, it is crucial that companies market their products and have strong sales shortly after introduction. Also, a weakness with Calloway’s golf balls was their brand image with the acquisition of Top-Flite golf balls, which quickly coined the game â€Å"Rock-Flight. † Opportunities: Although sales have declined 5. 7% during 2008, continued marketing efforts and remaining a household name could prove beneficial to all firms after the recession has subsided. Due to the recession, discretionary spending has declined and savings has risen, but this could quickly change after a turn in the economy. Furthermore, Calloway has recently cut their endorsements of PGA professionals to only encompass 10 men’s PGA professionals and 5 women. If they expanded these numbers, it would give them more brand exposure and possibly higher revenues since many recreational golfers base their decisions on the type of equipment successful, professional golfers are using. Threats: There are a number of threats affecting the golf industry as a whole: effects of technological limitations by USGA, a decline in the number of golfers due to the economy and lack of leisure time, and the rise of counterfeiting. The state of the current economy paired with the decline in the number of golfers, has caused companies to focus more on price and volume. Counterfeiting is largely attributable to the decisions by executives to outsource for cheaper labor to manufacturers in China; who can produce a golf club for less than $3 per club. Recommendations Companies currently operating within the golf industry, specifically Calloway Golf, must change their current marketing approaches and strategies to withstand the recession and threats facing the industry. Although Calloway has a strong R&D department that tends to remain competitive with products and technology, there have been little results in reference to scores. It is imperative that if companies are going to market a product that will help golfers drive further and straighter that the results depict this so that not to damage the brand name of a product. Secondly, due to the decline in equipment sales and the number of golfers, prices are dropping and companies are outsourcing to maintain the volume needed to remain competitive. Companies must be cautious and aware so that counterfeiting may be reduced. This reduction would also allow companies to reduce their pricing and have more sales without the competition of these cheaply priced knock-offs. In the instance of Calloway, an increase in marketing and endorsements would boost their sales due to brand recognition. Calloway has recently fallen to second place in the amount of sales of drivers. In aiding in cutting down on counterfeiting, lowering prices, and increasing marketing and endorsements, Calloway may have the opportunity to reposition themselves as number one in the marketplace. Appendix 1 Calloway Timeline 1983- Ely Reeves Calloway, Jr. purchased a 50% interest in a Temecula, California manufacturer and marketer of hickory shafted wedges and putters for $400,000. 1985-Ely Reeves Calloway, Jr. , hired aerospace and metallurgical engineers to design the most technologically advanced golf clubs. 1991- Introduction of Big Bertha 1996- Acquisition of Odyssey (leading brand of putters)